Epa Design Manual Odor Corrosion Control Incorporated

• Epa Corrosion Control Guidance
• Epa Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment

Description: Wastewater is known to the public for its potential to create odor nuisance. Sometimes it is the odors escaping from sewer manholes that cause complaints; more commonly, the odor source is a wastewater treatment facility. Yet there are wastewater treatment facilities that are free from this stigma and techniques to prevent odor nuisances are available to those committed to construct odor-free treatment works. A major cause of odors in wastewater treatment systems is hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gas detectable in very low concentrations. Hydrogen sulfide is also notable for its toxicity and its ability to corrode various materials used in sewer and treatment plant construction. In the last three decades, much research has been done on various aspects of the sulfide problem, and important contributions have been made. Traditional sanitary sewer design practice has not fully acknowledged the importance of corrosion and odor control, as evidenced by the widespread occurrence of sulfide and odor control problems throughout the United States for sanitary sewers serving both small and large tributary areas.

The 1984 EPA Needs Survey estimates the backlog cost of major sewer rehabilitation to be $3.2 billion. This cost is in addition to the costs for correcting infiltration/inflow Problems and is for major structural repair or replacement of sanitary sewers, a significant part of which may be attributed to sulfide-induced deterioration. The same survey further estimates the construction costs for new collectors and interceptors, through the year 2000 to be $38.8 billion. These cost estimates reflect the importance of adequately considering sulfide control in the design of new sanitary sewer systems. Since publication of the Process Design Manual for Sulfide Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems in 1974, substantial information on odors and corrosion in municipal sewerage systems has been reported. In addition, significant developments have evolved for the control of odors and corrosion in wastewater treatment plants. In particular, use of chemicals for odor and corrosion control has increased substantially.

Inclusion of these advances is the primary reason for revising this manual. To further the understanding of odor and corrosion control in sewerage systems and treatment works, many case histories and examples have also been added.

A synergistic composition is provided for controlling odor from waste products. The composition comprises a combination of nitrate salt, sulfide-consuming compound, pH-elevating compound, sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria, and sulfide-oxidizing enzyme. The method includes adding a sufficient amount of the composition to a waste stream to provide sufficient sulfide-consuming compound to effect immediate removal of sulfide. The composition incorporates a pH elevating compound, which both decreases the amount of gaseous H 2S and puts the aqueous phase into a pH range where naturally occurring bacteria can more easily metabolize the sulfide. The composition also includes one or more nitrate salts which will accomplish longer term prevention of odors.

Specific bacteria are incorporated into the formulation to insure that the nitrate has the right type and amount of bacteria present to prevent formation of and/or consume sulfide. Specific enzymes are incorporated into the formulation to promote oxidation of sulfide. RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation of U.S. Patent application Ser. 10/991,054 filed Nov. 17, 2004, now U.S.

7,285,217, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/526,440 filed Dec. 2, 2003 both of these related applications are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and composition for controlling odors emanating from organic waste produced by metabolic processes, including human and animal waste, as well as industrial wastes, effluents, sewage, and the like.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The biogenic production of volatile compounds which cause objectionable odors is one of the problems associated with the collection and treatment of various waste materials. Domestic sewage is the largest source of such odorous compounds. Various reduced sulfur-containing compounds are common, with hydrogen sulfide being the most objectionable odor-causing compound in such wastes.

Because of the magnitude of domestic sewage that is collected and treated and the prominence of the associated odorous sulfidic compounds, the present invention is particularly directed, but not limited to the control of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfide odors in municipal or industrial waste. As used herein, the term “sulfidic compounds” also includes hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), mercaptans (RSH), and other related odoriferous sulfidic compounds.

The mixed biological population common to municipal or industrial waste utilizes the compounds found in the waste as a source of nutrient. In this process, oxygen is the preferred terminal electron acceptor, and the nutrient, commonly an organic compound, is oxidized. In highly nutrient loaded systems such as municipal sewage, bacterial action can result in a rapid consumption of oxygen in the water. In the absence of oxygen, bacteria require an alternate terminal electron acceptor.

In general, bacteria will utilize the terminal electron acceptor that provides them with the greatest amount of energy. Thus, there is a preferred selection order of a terminal electron acceptor by bacteria. This order is shown below.

O 2NO 3 −FeSO 4 −2CO 3 −2 As nitrate is not typically found in natural waters, the sulfate ion (SO 4 −2) is generally the preferred alternate. In the absence of oxygen, unless nitrate is added supplementally, those bacteria which can utilize sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in their respiration process will predominate. The most well-characterized bacteria of this type is Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, and is most commonly referred to as sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB. SRB are known to metabolize sulfate ion with organic matter to form H 2S as shown in the following equation. SO 4 −2+organic matter+SRB→H 2S+CO 2+H 2O H 2S, responsible for the characteristic odor from rotten eggs, is toxic in low concentrations. Citizen complaints are often the driving force behind efforts to control odor.

Such odors are generally regarded as a public nuisance and a health hazard. Although H 2S is a gas, H 2S in water can dissociate with increasing pH as shown in the following equations. Thus at a given pH, the relative amount of dissolved H 2S species can be predicted. The sulfide ion, S −2, and bisulfide ion, HS −, being ionic, are constrained to remain in the aqueous phase. H 2S+OH −→HS −+H 2O HS −+OH −→S −2+H 2O. (H 2S—gas phase & aqueous phase, HS −& S −2 aqueous phase) DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE The FIGURE herein shows the relationship between these species, the evolution of the gas from aqueous solution being a function of pH.

At the pH typically found in sewer systems, a significant percent of the H 2S formed evolves from solution. The gas can redissolve on the crown of the sewer line, and the presence of Thiobacillus bacteria and others, metabolize the H 2S, producing sulfuric acid, H 2SO 4. This can and has resulted in sewer line collapse and results in a significant cost in terms of their repair and replacement. H 2S is also corrosive towards steel and concrete. H 2S is a gas, with the evolution of the gas from aqueous solution being a function of pH.

At pHs often found in sewer systems, a significant percent of the H 2S formed evolves from solution. The gas can redissolve on the crown of the sewer line, and the presence of Thiobacillus bacteria and others, metabolize the H 2S, producing sulfuric acid, H 2SO 4. This can and has resulted in sewer line collapse and results in a significant cost in terms of their repair and replacement. Various compounds, including hypochlorite (sodium or calcium), potassium permanganate, sodium nitrate, ferrous and ferric salts, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and sodium chlorite have been widely used for the control of odor in wastes, and sewage waste in particular. BACKGROUND REFERENCES. Albertson: Ammonia Nitrogen and the Anaerobic Environment, Journal WPCF, September 1961, 33, 978. Baalsrud, H., and Baalsrud, K., “Studies on Thiobacillus Denitrificans,” Archiv fur Microbiologie, 20, S 34 (1954).

Basic Research On Sulfide Occurrence and Control In Sewage Collection Systems, National Technical Information Service, a-5 (Feb. Batchelor, B., and Lawrence, A., “A Kinetic Model for Autotrophic Denitrification Using Elemental Sulfur,” unknown ref, p 107. Batchelor, B., and Lawrence, A., “Autotrophic Denitrification Using Elemental Sulfur,” Journal SPCF, 1986 (August, 1978). Beardsley, C., Krotinger, N., and Rigdon, J., “Removal of Sewer Odors by Scrubbing with Alkaline Solutions,” Sewage and Industrial Wastes 30, 220 (1958). C., “Experiences With Odor Control at Houston, Tex.”, Sew.

Wastes, 28, 1512 (1956). Cadena, F., and Peters, R., “Evaluation of Chemical Oxidizers for Hydrogen Sulfide Control,” Journal WPCF, 60(7), 1259(July, 1988). Carpenter, W., “Sodium Nitrate Used to Control Nuisance,” Water Works and Sewage, 79, 175 (1932). Corey, N., Montgomery, J., and Benefield, L., “Performance Characteristics of an Activated Sludge System when Nitrate is the Sole Source of Nitrogen,” 45 th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings, 1991. Dague, R., “Fundamentals of Odor Control,” Journal WPCF, 44(4), 583(April 1972). Dalsgaard, T., and Bak, F., “Nitrate Reduction in a Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium, Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans, Isolated from Rice Paddy Soil: Sulfide Inhibition, Kinetics, and Regulation,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(1), 291(January 1994). Davidova, I., Hicks, M., Fedorak, P., and Sufita, J., “The Influence of Nitrate on Microbial Processes in Oil Industry Production Waters,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27, 80 (2001).

Davis patent (original patent) example with patent. Directo, C., and Kugelman, I., “Pilot Plant Study of Physical-Chemical Treatment,” Journal WPCF, 49(10), 2085 (October, 1977). Eastman Chemical Co., “Wastewater Treatment: Add Denitrification to Cut Organic Loads,” Environmental Engineering World, 38(July-August 1995).

Eastman Chemical from the Tennessee Assn of Business, “Byproduct Nitrate used in Water Treatment,” European Chemical News (Oct. Einarsen, A., Aesoy, A., Rasmussen, A., Bungum, S., and Sveberg, M., “Biological Prevention and Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide in Sludge at Lillehammer Wastewater Treatment Plant,” Water Science and Technology, 41(6), 175 (2000). Eliassen, R., et al., “The Effect of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on Hydrogen Sulfide Production”, Sew. Works Jour., 21, 457 (1949). EPA, “Manual—Nitrogen Control,” EPA/625/R-93/010, September, 1993.

Fales, A., “Treatment of Industrial Wastes from Paper Mills and Tannery on Neponsit River,” Journal Ind Eng. Chem., 21, 216 (1929).

Fuseler, K, Krekeler, D., Sydow, U., and Cypionka, H., “A Common Pathway of Sulfide Oxidation by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria,” FEMS Microbiology Letters, 144, 129 (1996). Gommers, P., Bijleveld, W., Zuijderwijk, F, and Kuenen, J., “Simultaneous Sulfide and Acetate Oxidation in a Denitrifying Fluidized Bed Reactor—II: Measurements of Activities and Conversion,” Water Research, 22(9), 1085 (1988). Gommers, P., Bijleveld, W., and Kuenen, J., “Simultaneous Sulfide and Acetate Oxidation in a Denitrifying Fluidized Bed Reactor—I: Start-Up and Reactor Performance,” Water Research, 22(9), 1075 (1988).

Heukelekian, H., “Effect of the Addition of Sodium Nitrate to Sewage on Hydrogen Sulfide Production and BOD Reduction,” Sewage Works Journal 15(2), 225 (1943). Heukelekian, H., “Some Bacteriological Aspects of Hydrogen Sulfide Production from Sewage,” Sewage Works Journal, 20(3), 490 (1948). Hobson, J., and Yang, G., “The Ability of Selected Chemicals for Suppressing Odour Development in Rising Mains,” Water Science and Technology 41(6), 165 (2000). Jefferson, B., Hurst, A., Stuetz, R., and Parsons, S., “A Comparison of Chemical Methods for the Control of Odours in Wastewater,” Trans IChemE, 80(b) 93(March 2002). Jenneman, et al., “Effect of Nitrate on Biogenic Sulfide Production,” 51 Appl Env. Micro, 1205 (1986).

Lang, M, “Chemical Control of Water Quality in a Tidal Basin,” Journal WPCF, 38, 1410 (1966). Lawrance, W., “The Addition of Sodium Nitrate to the Androscoggin River,” Sew and Ind Wastes, 22, 820 (1950). Londry, K., and Suflita, J., “Use of Nitrate to Control Sulfide Generation by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Associated with Oily Waste,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22, 582 (1999). P., et al., “Nitrate Addition for the Control of Odor Emissions from Organically Overloaded, Super Rate Trickling Filters”, 33rd Ann. Waste Conf., West Lafayette, Ind., (1978). McKinney, R., “The Role of Chemically Combined Oxygen in Biological Systems,” Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, ASCE, (paper 1053), August, 1956). Montgomery, A., McInerney, M., and Sublette, K., “Microbial Control of the Production of Hydrogen Sulfide by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 35, 533 (1990).

Moss, W., Schade, R., Sebesta, S., Scheutzow, K., Beck, P., and Gerson, D., “Full-scale Use of Physical/Chemical Treatment of Domestic Wastewater at Rocky River, Ohio,” Journal WPCF, 2249(November 1977). Myhr, S., Lillebo, B., Sunde, E., Beeder, J., and Torsvik, T., “Inhibition of Microbial H2S Production in an Oil Reservoir Model Column by Nitrate Injection,” Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 58, 400 (2002). Nemati, M., Jenneman, G., and Voordouw, G., “Mechanistic Study of Microbial Control of Hydrogen Sulfide Production in Oil Reservoirs,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 74(5), 424(Sep. Okabe, S., Santegoeds, C., and DeBeer, D., “Effect of Nitrite and Nitrate on In Situ Sulfide Production in an Activated Sludge Immobilized Agar Gel Film as Determined by Use of Microelectrodes,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 81(5), 570(Mar. Painter, H.

A., “A Review of Literature on Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism in Microorganisms”, Water Research, 4(6), 393 (1970). Poduska, R., and Anderson, B., “Successful Storage Lagoon Odor Control,” Journal WPCF, 53(3), 299(March, 1981). Poduska, R. A., “Operation, Control, and Dynamic Modeling of the Tennessee Eastman Company Industrial Wastewater Treatment System”, 34th Ann. Purdue Indust. Waste Conf., Lafayette, Md. Pollack, D., and Marano, V., “Award Winnihg Utility District Eliminates Chlorine and Extends Life of Costly Carbon Scrubber with Bioxide,” The Bulletin, (Spring, 1993).

Pomeroy, Johnston and Bailey, “Process Design Manual For Sulfide Control in Sanitary Sewage Systems”, October 1974. Pomeroy, R., and Bowlus, F., “Progress Report on Sulfide Control Research,” Sewage Works Journal, 18(4), 597(July, 1946). Pomeroy, R. D., “Controlling Sewage Plant Odors”, Consulting Eng., Feb. Pomeroy, R.

D., et al., “Feasibility Study on In-Sewer Treatment Methods”, Municipal, Environmental Research Lab. Chapter 6, “Chemical Treatment”, 77 (1977).

Pomeroy, R. D., et al., “Sulfide Occurrence and Control in Sewage Collection Systems”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/X-85-052, Cincinnati, Ohio (1985). Postgate, J. “The Sulfate Reducing Bacteria,” Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, 1984. Prakasam, T.

S., et al., “Microbial Dentrification of a Wastewater Containing High Concentrations of Oxidized Nitrogen”, Proceedings of the 31st Industrial Waste Conference, May 4-6, 1976, Purdue University. C., et al., “Sewage Treatment Plants Combat Odor Pollution Problems”, Water and Sew. Works, 125(10), 64 (1978). W., et al., “Sewer Odor Studies”, Sew.

Wastes, 28, 991 (1956). Reinsel, M., Sears, J., Stewart, P., and McInerney, M., “Control of Microbial Souring by Nitrate, Nitrite, or Glutaraldehyde Injection in a Sandstone Column,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 17, 128 (1996). A., “Experiences with Sodium Nitrate Treatment of Cannery Wastes”, Sew.

Works Jour., 17, 1227 (1945). Ripl, W.,“Biochemical Oxidation of Polluted Lake Sediment with Nitrate—A New Lake Restoration Method,”, Ambio v 5 n 3 1976 p 132-135. Salle, A., “Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology,” Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1967. Sanborn, N., “Use of Sodium Nitrate in Waste Treatment,” Canning Trade, March, 1941.

Sanborn, N. H., “Nitrate Treatment of Cannery Waste”, The Fruit Products Journal and American Vinegar Industry, 207 (1941). Santry, I., “Hydrogen Sulfide Odor Control Measures,” Journal WPCF, 38(3), 459(March, 1966). W., Jr., “Hydrogen Sulfide in Sewers”, Jour. Control Fed., 35, 1580 (1963). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 14th Ed., Amer.

Health Assn., Wash. D.C., 499-509 1976. Steel, Ernest W., “Water Supply and Sewerage”, Chapter 27, pp. 600-601 (4th Ed. Sturman, P., Goeres, D., and Winters, M., “Control of Hydrogen Sulfide in Oil and Gas Wells with Nitrite Injection,” Paper SPE 56772, SPE Tech Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Tex., Oct. Sublette, K., and Sylvester, D., “Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide by Thiobacillus denitrificans: Desulfurization of Natural Gas,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 29, 249 (1987).

Thistlethwayte, D. B., “The Control Of Sulfides In Sewerage Systems”, Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Chapter 13, “Corrective Measures For Existing Systems”, 159 (1972). Wanner, O., and Gujer, W., “Competition in Biofilms,” Water Science and Technology, 17, 27 (1984). Willenbring et al., “Calcium Nitrate” (incomplete title), October 1988 or earlier.

“Biochemical Oxidation of Polluted Lake Sediment with Nitrate—A New Lake Restoration Method”, 1976. Zhang, T., “Feasibility of Using Sulfur:Limestone Pond Reactors to Treat Nitrate-Contaminated Surface Water and Wastewater,” submitted for publication in Journal of Environmental Engineering (ASCE).—received Jun. REFERENCES DESCRIBING BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION.

Basic Research On Sulfide Occurrence and Control In Sewage Collection Systems, National Technical Information Service, a-5 (Feb. Beardsley, C. W., et al., “Removal of Sewer Odors By Scrubbing With Alkaline Solutions”, Sewage and Industrial Wastes, vol.

30, 220 (1958). C., “Experiences With Odor Control at Houston, Tex.”, Sew. Wastes, 28, 1512 (1956). Carpenter, W.

T., “Sodium Nitrate Used to Control Nuisance”, Water Works and Sew., 79, 175 (1932). Directo et al., “Pilot plant study of physical-chemical treatment”, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 49(1),: 2,081-2,098; October 1977.

Eliassen, R., et al., “The Effect of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on Hydrogen Sulfide Production”, Sew. Works Jour., 21, 457 (1949). L., “Treatment of Industrial Wastes from Paper Mills and Tannery on Neponset River”, Jour. Chem., 21, 216 (1929).

Heukelekian, H., “Effect of the Addition of Sodium Nitrate to Sewage on Hydrogen Sulfide Production and B.O.D. Reduction”, Sewage Works Journal 15(2):255-261 (1943). Heukelekian, H., “Some Bacteriological Aspects of Hydrogen Sulfide Production from Sewage”, Sew. Works Jour., 20, 490 (1948). Lang, M., “Chemical Control Of Water Quality In A Tidal Basin”, Journal WPCF, 1414-1416 (1966). Lawrance, W.

A., “The Addition of Sodium Nitrate to the Androscoggin River”, Sew. Wastes, 22, 820 (1950). P., et al., “Nitrate Addition for the Control of Odor Emissions from Organically Overloaded, Super Rate Trickling Filters”, 33rd Ann. Waste Conf., West Lafayette, Ind., (1978). McKinney, R. E., “The Role of Chemically Combined Oxygen in Biological Systems”, Jour.

Civil Engr., 82 SA4, 1053 (1956). Methods For Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (1974). Painter, H.

A., “A Review of Literature on Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism in Microorganisms”, Water Research, The Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, vol. Poduska et al., “Successful storage lagoon odor control”, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 53(3): 299, 310; March 1981. Poduska, R. A., “Operation, Control, and Dynamic Modeling of the Tennessee Eastman Company Industrial Wastewater Treatment System”, 34th Ann. Purdue Indust. Waste Conf., Lafayette, Md. Pomeroy, Johnston and Bailey, “Process Design Manual For Sulfide Control in Sanitary Sewage Systems”, October 1974.

Pomeroy, R. D., et al., “Feasibility Study on In-Sewer Treatment Methods”, Municipal, Environmental Research Lab. Chapter 6, “Chemical Treatment”, 77 (1977). Pomeroy, R.

D., et al., “Sulfide Occurrence and Control in Sewage Collection Systems”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/X-85-052, Cincinnati, Ohio (1985). D., “Controlling Sewage Plant Odors”, Consulting Eng., Feb. Prakasarn, T. S., et al., “Microbial Dentrification of a Wastewater Containing High Concentrations of Oxidized Nitrogen”, Proceedings of the 31st Industrial Waste Conference, May 4-6, 1976, Purdue University.

C., et al., “Sewage Treatment Plants Combat Odor Pollution Problems”, Water and Sew. Works, 125, 10, 64 (1978). Dague, “Fundamentals of Odor Control”, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 44(4): 583-594: April 1972. W., et al., “Sewer Odor Studies”, Sew.

Wastes, 28, 991 (1956). A., “Experiences with Sodium Nitrate Treatment of Cannery Wastes”, Sew. Works Jour., 17, 1227 (1945). Sanborn, N. H., “Nitrate Treatment of Cannery Waste”, The Fruit Products Journal and American Vinegar Industry, (1941). W., Jr., “Hydrogen Sulfide in Sewers”, Jour. Control Fed., 35, 1580 (1963).

W., Jr., “Hydrogen Sulfide Odor Control Measures”, Jour. Control Fed., 38 459 (1966). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 14th Ed., Amer. Health Assn., Wash.

D.C., 499-509 1976. Steel, Ernest W., “Water Supply and Sewerage”, Chapter 27, pp. 600-601 (4th Ed. Thistlethwayte, D. B., “The Control Of Sulfides In Sewerage Systems”, Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Chapter 13, “Corrective Measures For Existing Systems”, 159 (1972). Willenbring et al., “Calcium Nitrate” (incomplete title), October 1988 or earlier. “Biochemical Oxidation of Polluted Lake Sediment with Nitrate—A new Lake Restoration Method”, 1976.

Epa Corrosion Control Guidance

Moss et al., “Full-scale use of physical/chemical treatment of domestic wastewater at Rocky River, Ohio”, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 49(11): 2.249-2,254; November 1977. Sodium chlorite has been used alone for odor control. Several references to such use follow:. “Control of Odors from Sewage Sludge,” Gas, Wasser, Abwasser, Vol.

410-413 (1985) in Chemical Abstracts 104:10062 (German);. “Polyelectrolyte Conditioning of Sheffield Sewage Sludge,” Water Science Technology, Vol. 473-486 (1984) in Chemical Abstracts 102:100249;.

“Slime and Odor Elimination in Process Water of the Paper Industry,” Papier, Vol. 43-51 (1975) in Chemical Abstracts 85:82749 (German); and. “Deodorization of Sludge for Dewatering by Controlled Adding Chlorite,” Japanese Patent Publ. 06320195 (1994). It is also known that nitrates added to sewage effect reduction in BOD and even suppress the formation of hydrogen sulfide gas via bacterial action.

3,300,404 for example, cites the use of about 500 ppm of nitrate to prevent odor emanation from a lagoon. 4,911,843 cites the use of cite the use of nitrate to remove existing sulfide.

A dosage of 2.4 parts nitrate-oxygen per part of existing dissolved H 2S is required. RE36,651 and RE37,181E cite the use of nitrate to remove existing sulfide.

A dosage of 2.4 parts nitrate-oxygen per part of existing dissolved H 2S is required. Even nitrite has been used to control sulfate reducing bacteria and associated odors: U.S. 4,681,687 cites the use of sodium nitrite to control SRB and H 2S in flue gas desulfurization sludge. In addition, the use of some sulfide reactive chemicals in combination with nitrates is known: For example, U.S. 3,966,450 cites the use of 5-500 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide and the addition of nitric acid to maintain a pH of 3.5-5.5 to enhance the nutrient value of the waste.

4,108,771 cites the use of chlorate and nitrate coupled with an iron salt in pH. Non-Patent Citations Reference 1 ', 1976.

2 ' Canadian Agricultural Engineering, pp. 3 'Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Jun.

1205-1211 (7 pages). Environmental Protection Agency, (1974).

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85, 454, 457, undated. 8 ', 14th Ed., Amer.

Health Assn., Wash. D.C., 499-509 1976). 9 ', Ernest W. Steel, Chapter 27, pp. 600-601 (4th Ed. 10.Sewage Works Journal, published by California Sewage Works Association, Jul.

11.Vulcan Chemicals, Technical Data Sheet, ' TD5 642-420, 1 pg., publication date unknown. 12 Altivia Corporation, Letter dated Mar. 4, 2005 from Altivia Corporation to Yogesh Mehta, City of Houston, Public Works and Engineering. 13 Basic Research On Sulfide Occurrence and Control In Sewage Collection Systems, National Technical Information Service, a-5 (Feb. 14 Beardsley, C.W., et al., ', Sewage and Industrial Wastes, vol. 30, 220 (1958). 15 Bryan, A.C., ', Sew.

Wastes, 28, 1512 (1956). 16 Carpenter, W.T. ', Water Works and Sew., 79, 175 (1932). 17 Dixon, Kevin L. Et al., The Effect of Sulfur-Based Reducing Agents and GAC Filtration on Chlorine Dioxide By-products, Research and Technology, Journal AWWA, May 1991, pp. 18 Eliassen, R., et al., ', Sew. Works Jour., 21, 457 (1949).

19 Fales, A.L., ', Jour. Chem., 21, 216 (1929). 20 Gordon, Gilbert et al., Minimizing Chlorite Ion and Chlorate Ion I Water Treated with Chlorine Dioxide, Research and Technology, Journal AWWA, Apr. Simpson, Ph.D., The Reduction of the Chlorite Ion, Fourth International Symposium on Chlorine Dioxide, Feb. 15 & 16, 2001, Caesars' Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada., pp. 22 Griese, Mark H. Et al., Using Reducing Agents to Eliminate Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite Ion Residuals in Drinking Water, Research and Technology, Journal AWWA, May 1991, pp.

23 Hale, Bert et al., Use of Vitamin C and Sodium Erythorbate for Chlorite Reduction- Field Trial Results, AWA A1-MS Section Annual Conference, Beau Rivage Resort and Casino, Biloxi, MS, Oct. 5-7, 2003, pp.

24 Heukelekian, H., ', Sewage Works Journal 15(2):255-261 (1943). 25 Heukelekian, H., ', Sew. 20, 490 (1948). 26 Lang, M., ', Journal WPCF, 1414-1416 (1966). 27 Lawrance, W.A., ', Sew.

Wastes, 22, 820 (1950). Directo et al., ', Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 649(1)):2,081-2,098; Oct. 29 Lorgan, G.P., et al., ', 33rd Ann. Waste Conf., West Lafayette, Ind., (1978). 30 McKinney, R.E., ', Jour. Civil Engr., 82 SA4, 1053 (1956). 31 Newell, Charles J., ', Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Conference, Houston Texas, Nov.

32 Olenik, 'Industrial Odor Technology Assessment, 1956, Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., pp. 33 Ondrus, Martin G. Et al., The Oxidation of Hexaaquoiron (II) by Chlorine (III) in Aqueous Solution, Inorganic Chemistry, vol.

Epa Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment

34 Painter, H.A., ', Water Research, The Journal of the International Assocation on Water Pollution Research, vol. Willenbring et al., ' (incomplete title), Oct. 1988 or earlier.

36 Poduska, R.A., ', 34th Ann. Purdue Indust. Waste Conf., Lafayette, Md. 37 Pomeroy, Johnston and Bailey, ', Oct. 38 Pomeroy, R.D., ', Consulting Eng., Feb. 39 Pomeroy, R.D., et al., ', 77 (1977).

40 Pomeroy, R.D., et al., ', U.S. Environmental protection Agency, EPA 600/X-85-052, Cincinnati, Ohio (1985). 41 Prakasam, T.B.S., et al., ', Proceedings of the 31st Industrial Wste Conference, May 4-6, 1976, Purdue University.

42 Price, E.C., et al., ', Water and Sew. Works, 125, 10, 64 (1978). Dague, ', Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 44(4): 583-594; Apr. 44 Reid, G.W., et al., ', Sew. Wstes, 28, 991 (1956). 45 Renholds, ' Dec.

Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office, Washington, D.C. 46 Richard A. Poduska et al., ', Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 53(3):299,310; Mar. 47 Rodriguez-Gomez et al., ' Water Environment Research, vol. 193-198 (Mar./Apr. 48 Ryan, W.A., ', Sew.

Works Jour., 17, 1227 (1945). 49 Sanborn, N.H., ', The Fruit Products Journal and American Vinegar Industry, (1941). 50 Santry, I.W., Jr., ', Jour. Control Fed., 35, 1580 (1963). 51 Santry, I.W., Jr., ', Jour. Control Fed., 38 459 (1966).

52 Tarquin, Anthony et al., Reduction of Chlorite Concentrations in Potable Water and Ferrous Chloride, Disinfection Practice, Water/Engineering & Management, Feb. 53 Thistlethwayte, D.K.B., ', 159 (1972). 54 USFilter Corporation, Strantrol MG/L 5 Controller, Data Sheet, 2004.

55 UsFilter Wallace & Tiernan Worldwide Multi Function Analysers Depolox 4, Technical Information, 1999. 56 William H. Moss et al., ', Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 49(11): 2,249-2,254; Nov.